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Aversion therapy is a form of psychological treatment in which the patient is exposed to a stimulus while simultaneously being subjected to some form of discomfort. This conditioning is intended to cause the patient to associate the stimulus with unpleasant sensations in order to stop the specific behavior. Aversion therapies can take many forms, for example: placing unpleasant-tasting substances on the fingernails to discourage nail-chewing; pairing the use of an emetic with the experience of alcohol; or pairing behavior with electric shocks of various intensities. ==In addictions== The major use of aversion therapy is currently for the treatment of addiction to alcohol and other drugs. This form of treatment has been in continuous operation since 1932. The treatment is discussed in the ''Principles of Addiction Medicine'', Chapter 8, published by the American Society of Addiction Medicine in 2003. Aversion therapy is also used in the self-help community to treat minor behavioral issues with the aid of an elastic band, the user or patient would snap the elastic band on his/her wrist while an undesirable thought/behavior presents itself. The results of Antabuse combined with behavioral marital therapy for treating alcoholism was popular and well-regarded in the 80s and 90s, though the results were mainly ascribed to the behavioral therapy provided.〔O'Farrell, T.J.; Cutter, H.S.G.; Choquette, K.A.; Floyd, F.J. & Bayog, R.D. (1992). Behavior marital therapy for male alcoholics: Marital and drinking adjustment during the two years after treatment. ''Behavior Therapy'', 23, 529–49.〕〔O'Farrell, T.J.; Cutter, H.G. & Floyd, F.J. (1985). Evaluating behavioral marital therapy for male alcoholics. ''Behavior Therapy'', 16, 147–67.〕 Traditional aversion therapy, which employed either chemical aversion〔Watson, J.B. & Reyner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology'', 3: 1–14〕 or electrical aversion 〔Maguire, R.J. & Vallance, M. (1964). Aversion therapy by electric shock: a simple technique. ''British Medical Journal'', 1: 151–153.〕 has now, since 1967, typically been replaced by aversion in the imagination, a technique which is known as covert sensitization.〔Cautela, J.R. (1967). Covert Sensitization. ''Psychological Reports'' 20: 259–468.〕 Kraft & Kraft assessed the value of covert sensitization in six case studies—a fingernail biter, a cannabis smoker, an obese lady, a cigarette smoker, an individual with a chocolate addiction, and an alcoholic. The study found that covert sensitization was effective in all six individual cases. All the participants in the study eliminated their undesirable behavior and this effect held in a longitudinal follow-up.〔Kraft T. & Kraft D. (2005). ''Covert Sensitization Revisited: Six Case Studies' Contemporary Hypnosis'', 22(4): 202–209.〕 In contrast, Okulitch and Marlatt found that a cohort of 30 alcoholics and 30 social drinkers subjected to aversive therapy via electric shock did worse than an untreated control group at the 15 month follow up period.〔Bowen, S.; Chawla, N.; Marlatt, G.A. (2011) Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Addictive Behaviors: a clinician's guide〕〔Okulitch PV & Marlatt GA. (1972). Effects of varied extinction conditions with alcoholics and social drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 79(2):205-11.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「aversion therapy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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